Police stress Essay Example for Free

guard filter EssayIntroduction tenor is a psychological factor and a common character of almost every kind of drill. But it is important to note that it was only in the mid-70s that industrial psychologists centre their attention on the importance of tensity in the dieplace. To serve and protect, is the law enforcers motto as he works to accomplish the goals of his ancestry which is primarily to provide protection to the citizens of his enounce. There accompanies with the work the kind of bulk whose shady and dark characters pursue the primary purposes in life which be to commit a v liveryainy and study ways to evade the long arm of the law. In policing work, extend is not underestimated that kinda an important and critical aspect of the job (it goes with the territory, so to speak) centering comes in different forms. It is a presumptuousness then, that police work is pictured as a form of service where the ch completely(a)enges be not the aforesaid(prenomina l) as the regular kind of job more than so when the person is in active placement or duty and expected to tolerate the most difficult types of experiences but usually on a regular basis. It is this scenario that this paper explores and presents to the reader the nuances of the job, the stresses a police stumbleicer regularly encounters, possible consequences on his ad hominem and home life, as well as probable interventions.Signifi freighterce of the studyTwo reasons are suggested why thither was a growing recognition of the importance of stress on the job. First, there is the general cognizance that stress- relate diseases strike r all(prenominal)ed epidemic proportions. More heap die or are disabled today as a result of stress than at any anformer(a)(prenominal) time. Because stress is so physically damaging and pervasive in peoples lives and because it is primarily psychological in nature the discipline of psychological science as a whole and especially the specialty a rea of health psychology is elicit in studying and treating stress and other psychosomatic disorders (Chang et al. 2006).The second reason for the growing awareness of the importance of stress at work is practical. The effects of stress on the job are costly and are reflected in a lower productive efficiency. Stress has been known to reduce drastically employee motivation and the physical exp matchlessnt to execute the task well thus, increasing absenteeism, turnover, and tardiness (Cahill 2003 Chang et al. 2006 Williams 2003).Statement of the ProblemWhat is stress at work and how is this demonst regulate in a particular singular worker like the police officer? What has spirit indication or separate differences do with the development of stress as well as how do people have a go at it with stress when the source is the place of work? This paper attempts to define, describe and explain the nature of stress, factors that bear to the development of stress in an individual, an d in particular what job stress or stress in the workplace can do to an individual.Discussion The Nature of StressInside the body, dramatic physiological changes ca-ca place under stress. Adrenalin, released from the adrenal glands, speeds up all bodily functions. Blood pressure rises, nerve centre rate increases, and extra sugar is released to the bloodstream. The increased circulation of the blood brings additional energy to the brain and muscles, making us more alert and stronger sp that we can cope with the sudden emergency (Landy 1985).A stressful situation mobilizes and directs ones energy beyond its normal level. But if a person remains in that state of advance energy for in like manner long, the bodys reservoir of energy will dissipate. Rest is needed to fill up the energy supply (Williams 2003).Prolonged stress leads to psychosomatic disorders. Remember that psychosomatic diseases are not imaginary. They are real and involve specific tissue and organ damage even though their cause is psychological. In prolonged stress, the body whitethorn put forward physiological damage and the person may become ill (Landy 1985).A. Individual Differences in Vulner superpower to StressOne factor that affects vulnerability to stress on the job is social support, ones network of social and family ties. The person who is alone physically and psychologically is more vulnerable to stress than someone who has strong social relationships. Social support on the job is to a fault important to reduce stress and to have better health (Cahill 2003 Chang et al., 2006 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Ones physical setting also relates to ones vulnerability to stress effects. Persons in better physical condition suffer fewer effects of stress than those in poor physical condition (Cahill 2003 Landy 1985 Williams 2003). Level of ability to perform a job can make people more or less resistant to the stresses of that job. Employees with a high level of the skills needed for the job fin ds the work easier and less stressful than employees with a lower ability (Landy 1985 Williams 2003). Personality seems to be related to ones ability to tolerate stress. This is particularly plain with those of apparent with those of reference A and Type B personalities and their susceptibility to heart disease, one of the major effects of stress (Landy 1985).The Type A personality is highly prone to heart disease by middle age, autarkical of physical factors or their type of work. The two primary characteristics of a Type A personality are a very high competitive drive and a constant sense of urgency almost time. Type A personalities are hostile people although they successfully hide it from others. That is why Type A personalities are always in a state if tension and stress (Landy 1985 Williams, 2003).Persons with the Type B personality never have heart attacks before the age of 70, regardless of their jobs or their eating and smoking habits. Type B people may be just as ambit ious as Type A people, but they have none of their characteristics. They function under far less stress in all aspects of life including work (Landy 1985).B. Stress at workThere are occupations that are considered very stressful. The followers twelve are those that engender highest levels of stress law enforcer, labourer, secretary, inspector, clinical lab technician, office manager, first-line supervisor, manager or administrator, waiter or waitress, machine operator, farm worker, miner, painter. This is taken from the subject Institute for Occupational Safety and health (NIOSH). Other occupations considered to be in high stress are the conjure fighters, computer programmer, dental assistant, electrician, fire fighter, social worker, telephone operator, and hairdresser (Landy 1985).Survey is also found that among working women, the most stressful jobs are in the health care industry. For example, nurses, medical, dental, and lab technicians and social workers (Cahill 2001).Psyc hologists renamed the concept of overwork into the term overload and have identified two types1. Quantitative overload2. Qualitative overloadQuantitative overload is the condition of having too ofttimes work to do in the time available. Qualitative overload involves not so much work to do but work that is too difficult (Landy 1985 Williams 2003). Another stress factor in the workplace is change. Many changes occur in the workplace. The introduction of a new work procedure may require employees to learn and adapt to different production methods (Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Performance appraisal is a source of stress for a great many people. Few people like the idea of being evaluated whether at tutor or work. An employees role in the organization can be a source of stress. agency ambiguity arises when the employees work role is poorly structured and ill-defined. Role conflict arises when there is a contrariety among the demands of a job and the employees, personal standard and valu es (Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Problems of career development may lead to stress at work. Stress can arise when an employee fails to receive an anticipated promotion (Landy 1985 Williams 2003). Being responsible for other people is a major source of difficulty for some supervisors and managers (Landy 985). Contact with a stress aircraft carrier is also a cause of stress. A person free of stress can be give by someone who is highly stressed (Landy 1985). Assembly-line work has been associated with stress because it is characterized by repetition and monotony (Landy 1985).Overall, then, each person must(prenominal) confront and deal with a large and recurring number of stress-producing events everyday both at home and at work. Although most people experience at least some of the abusive effects of stress at one time or another, most people, fortunately, do manage to cope (Landy 1985 Williams 2003). One effect of stress on the job resulting from overwork is called burnout. The emplo yee becomes less energetic and less interested in the job. He or she becomes hornyly exhausted, apathetic, depressed, irritable, and bored finds fault with everything about the work (Cahill 2003 Chang et al, 2006 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Figure 1.0National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Model of Job Stress(Source NIOSH, http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html)Burnout develops in three translucent stages1. Emotional exhaustion, with a feeling of being drained and empty (Cahill 2003 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).2. Cynicism and the lack of sensitivity toward others (Cahill 2003 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).3. Futility, the feeling that all the effort put forth previously was wasted and worthless (Cahill 2003 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Employees with burnout become rigid about their work, avocation rules and procedures blindly and compulsively because they are too exhausted to be flexible or consider alternate solutions to a problem (Landy 1985 Williams 2003). There is a price to pay for such overwork over a long period of time. Stress accumulates and leads to the psychological and physiological ailments depict earlier. These people work so surd that they burn away their energy faster than the body can replace it. Such persons have been described as workaholics, or employees addicted to work (Cahill 2003 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Nature and Dangers of police WorkStudies done by Malloy and Mays (p 177 1984) mastermind to the importance of understanding the kind of job that policing involves. The authors not only examined the stress levels within the workplace but a comparative study was made as well with the amount of stress experienced by law enforcement officers and other workers in other organizations or institutions particularly in government entities. The findings show that few jobs can equal the kind of stress that police work entails fire fighters may come obturate though the frequency of negative or afflictionful events or occurrences become a regular dress for law enforcers contributing to the overall danger and threat to their personal well-being.Reports of felo-de-se or attempted suicide have reportedly been high despite increasing awareness to the stresses of the job (Brown 2008). Symptoms may be there already but the few people close to the person refuse to recognize or put the signs. These include irritability, lowered sex drive, digestive upsets, fatigue, muscle aches like backaches, insomnia or restlessness, overeating or imbibing too much, muscle tics or rashes, a pounding heart, headaches and light-headedness may be evident on the individual. cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or mental health issues can be some of the effects when prolonged stress is experienced and may even affect the immune systems ability to protect the persons body from everyday illnesses.Because an officer regularly deals with stress and anguish experienced by people they meet on the job, emotions can easily be bottled up, or set asid e and compromise ones health or in many instances, affect the officers ability to deal with the issues and problems in his own personal and family life. Studies self-management skills program for the police officers show that there is a great difference when police officers go through programs that help them understand the emotional upheavals that go with the job. There was the reduction of signs and symptoms of imminent distress or physical and psychological manifestations of stress (McCraty et al 1999). Other techniques specifically used in other studies make use of films as tools to help debrief these individuals (Mann 1973 p 63).C. Interventions and organizational techniquesThe techniques for dealing with stress on the job involved both the prevention of stress and its reduction and elimination. Techniques that individual employees can practice on and off the job include relaxation training, biofeedback, and behavior modification. Some methods provided by organization include f ix the organizational climate, providing employee assistance programs and treating victims of stress-related illnesses (Cahill, 2003 Landy, 1985 Williams, 2003).Industrial/organizational psychologists have proposed several organizational techniques for managing stress at work especially with police work1. Emotional Climate Control. Because of the stressors of modern organizational life is change, the organization must provide sufficient support to enable employees to adapt to change. This can be accomplished by providing a climate of esteem and regard for employees and by allowing them to participate in all decisions involving change in their work and in the structure of the organization (Chang et al. 2006 Landy 1985 Williams 2003).2. grooming of social support. Social support can reduce ones vulnerability to stress. Organizations can enhance social support by facilitating the cohesiveness of work groups and by training the supervisors to be supportive of their subordinates (Landy 1985 Williams 2003).3. Redefinition of employee roles. To reduce the stress caused by role ambiguity, managers must clearly state to their subordinates what is expected of them and what the precise scope and responsibilities of their jobs are (Landy 1985 Williams 2003).4. Elimination of work overload and work underload. Proper woof and training, equitable promotion decisions and fair distribution of work can do much to eliminate these causes of stress.5. Provision of assistance to stressed employees. More and more organizations today are recognizing the harmful effects that stress can have on employee health and productivity. As a result, they are providing in-house counseling programs that teach individual stress-control techniques and preparation facilities for physical exercise (Landy 1985 Williams 2003).Some stress is necessary for normal functioning. The nervous system apparently necessitate a certain amount of stimulation to function properly. But stress that is too intense or prolonged can have destructive physiological and psychological effects. The actions of autonomic nervous system that restore the organism for emergency can, if prolonged lead to such physical disorders as ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Severe stress can also impair the organisms immune responses, decreasing its ability to fight off invading bacteria and viruses. It is estimated that more than half of all medical problems are believed to be related to emotional stress. Psychosomatic disorders such as allergies, migraine, headaches, high blood pressure, heart disease, ulcers and even acne are among the illnesses that are related to emotional stress (Hilgard, et al., 1983).ConclusionFrustrations occur when progress toward a goal is blocked or retard and when two motives conflict, satisfaction of one leads to the blocking of the other. For as long as a human individual is alive and functioning in whatever milieu he is in, these forces are at work, often stock and draining him. Coping and defense strategies oftentimes become indispensable but later become enfeeble for most if no longer controlled and regulated. The severity of stress depends on the situations predictability, the potential for control, the individuals cognitive evaluation, his feelings of competency, and the presence of social supports (Halonen and Santrock, 1996).Works CitedAtkinson, R.L., R.C. Atkinson, E.E. Smith, D.J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, Introduction to Psychology, 13th ed. (1993). New York Harcourt College Publishers.Brown, Hal. Introduction to Police Stress. Accessed February 27, 2008 http//www.geocities.com/stressline_com/introduction_to_police_stress.htmlCahill, C. A. 2001. Women and stress. In Annual Review of Nursing Research, 19, 229-249.Chang, E. M., Daly, J., Hancock, K.M., Bidewell, J. W., Johnson, A., Lambert, V. A., Lambert, C. E. 2006. The Relationships Among Workplace Stressors, Coping Methods, Demographic Characteristics, and Health in Australian Nu rses. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(1), 30-38.Landy, F.J. 1985. Psychology of Work Behavior. 3rd Ed. Dorsey Press.Malloy, Thomas E., G. Larry Mays. The Police Stress Hypothesis A critical evaluation. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 11 (1984) 197-224.Sauter, Steven, et al., Stress at Work NIOSH publication. Retrieved December 20, 2007 http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.htmlWilliams, C. 2003. Stress at Work. Canadian Social Trends, Autumn, 7-13.Halonen, J.S. and J.W. Santrock. 1996. Psychology Contexts of behavior, Dubuque, IA Brown and Benchmark, p.810.Hilgard, ER, RR Atkinson, and RC Atkinson, 1983. Introduction to Psychology. 7th ed., New York Harcourt Brace Jovanich, Inc.Mann, Philip A. Stress Training. In Psychological Consultation with a Police Department A Demonstration of Cooperative Training in Mental Health, by Philip Mann, 62-64. Springfield Illinois Charles C, Tomas, (1973).McCraty, Rollin, Dana Tomasino, Mike Atkinson, Joseph Sundram. Impact of the HeartMath Self-Manag ement Skills Program onPhysiological and Psychological Stress in Police Officers. Institute of HeartMath, Publication No. 99-075. Boulder Creek, CA. (1999).Morris, Charles G. Albert Maisto, 1999. Understanding Psychology. 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. P. 73.